Zinc: Support for immunity and skin beauty - Добавки для Здоровья и Долголетия

Zinc: Support for immunity and skin beauty

I. zinc: fundamental trace element of life

Zinc (ZN) is an essential trace element that is critical to maintain many biological processes in the human body. It is not synthesized by the body independently and should come from external sources, such as food and nutritional supplements. The role of zinc is covered by a wide range of functions, starting from supporting the immune system to ensuring the health of the skin, hair and nails. The lack of zinc can lead to serious health disorders, which emphasizes its significance for general well -being.

A. The chemical and biological role of zinc

Zinc, located in the periodic table of Mendeleev under number 30, is a transitional metal that has unique chemical properties. In biological systems, it usually exists in the form of ZN2+ion. This form allows it to interact with various molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, thereby affecting their structure and function.

Zinc plays a key role in the catalytic activity of more than 300 enzymes. These enzymes are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. It is also necessary for the correct structure and functioning of proteins that regulate the expression of genes, cell alarm and immune response.

B. The mechanisms of zinc action in the body

The mechanisms of zinc action in the body are complex and multifaceted. It affects the cellular level, regulating various processes, such as:

Genes expression: Zinc is an important component of many transcription factors, proteins that bind to DNA and regulate the expression of genes. These factors, often called “zinc fingers”, allow zinc to influence the synthesis of proteins necessary for growth, development and maintenance of cell health.
Cell alarm: Zinc is involved in the transmission of signals between cells, affecting processes such as apoptosis (programmable cell death), proliferation (cell reproduction) and differentiation (cell specialization). It can modulate the activity of various signaling tracks, such as MAPK (mitogen-activated proteinquinase) and Pi3k/AKT, which play an important role in the regulation of cellular growth and survival.
Antioxidant Protection: Zinc is a component of the enzyme superoxidsmouth (SOD), which is a powerful antioxidant. SOD protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals, unstable molecules that can damage DNA, proteins and lipids.
Stabilization of cell membranes: Zinc helps to stabilize cell membranes, preventing damage and ensuring their normal functioning. He can interact with phospholipids in membranes, strengthening their structure and reducing their susceptibility to oxidative stress.

C. Recommendations for the daily consumption of zinc

The recommended daily ration (RSN) of zinc varies depending on age, gender and physiological condition. In general, RSN for adults is:

Men: 11 mg
Women: 8 mg
Pregnant women: 11 mg
Women’s lactating women: 12 mg

Children and adolescents require smaller doses, which are determined by age and gender. It is important to note that these values are indicative, and individual needs can vary. Factors, such as diet, lifestyle and the presence of certain diseases, can affect the need for zinc.

II. Zinc and immune system: inextricable connection

Zinc plays a key role in maintaining the normal function of the immune system. It is necessary for the development and functioning of various immune cells, including T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and natural killers (NK cells). Zinc deficiency can lead to a weakening of immunity and increased susceptibility to infections.

A. The role of zinc in the functioning of immune cells

T-lymphocytes: Zinc is necessary for the maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which play a central role in cellular immunity. It is involved in the regulation of the expression of genes necessary for the development of T cells, and affects their ability to recognize and destroy infected cells. Zinc deficiency can lead to a decrease in the number of T cells and impaired their function, which increases the risk of infections.
B-lymphocytes: Zinc is also important for the functioning of B-lymphocytes, which are responsible for the production of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that are associated with pathogens and neutralize them, preventing the development of infection. Zinc is involved in the regulation of the expression of the genes necessary for the production of antibodies, and affects the ability of V-cells to differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
Natural killers (NK cells): NK cells are part of congenital immunity and play an important role in the destruction of infected cells and tumor cells. Zinc is necessary for the normal activity of NK cells and their ability to release cytotoxic molecules that kill target cells. Zinc deficiency can lead to a decrease in the activity of NK cells and increased susceptibility to viral infections and cancer.
Macrophages and neutrophils: Zinc also affects the function of macrophages and neutrophils that phagocytic cells that absorb and destroy pathogens. It is involved in the regulation of the activity of these cells and their ability to produce cytokines, which are signal molecules that regulate the immune response.

B. Influence of the zinc deficiency of immunity

Zinc deficiency can significantly weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to various infections. The consequences of zinc deficiency for immunity include:

Reducing the quantity and activity of immune cells: Zinc deficiency can lead to a decrease in the amount of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and NK cells, as well as to a decrease in their activity.
Antitle production violation: Zinc deficiency can interfere with antibodies, weakening humoral immunity.
Increased susceptibility to infections: Zinc deficiency increases the risk of infections, especially respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and influenza.
Slow healing of wounds: Zinc is necessary for healing wounds, and its deficiency can slow down this process.
Chronic inflammatory diseases: Zinc deficiency can aggravate chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory intestinal diseases.

C. Zinc in the prevention and treatment of infections

Reception of supplements with zinc can be useful for the prevention and treatment of some infections, especially in people with zinc deficiency or in those who are at risk of developing infections. Studies have shown that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of a cold, as well as reduce the risk of pneumonia in children. It can also be useful for the treatment of diarrhea, especially in children in developing countries.

III. Zinc and skin beauty: healthy radiance from the inside

Zinc plays an important role in maintaining the health of the skin, hair and nails. It is involved in various processes necessary for regeneration, healing and protecting the skin from damage.

A. The role of zinc in skin health

Regeneration and healing: Zinc is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, protein, which makes up the basis of the skin and provides its elasticity and strength. It also participates in the healing process of wounds and promotes the formation of new fabric. Zinc deficiency can lead to slow healing of wounds and worsening of the skin condition.
Anti -inflammatory action: Zinc has anti -inflammatory properties and can help reduce inflammation in various skin diseases, such as acne, eczema and psoriasis. It can suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines and reduce redness and itching.
Antioxidant Protection: Zinc is a component of the enzyme superoxidsmouth (SOD), which protects the skin from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals can damage skin cells and lead to premature aging, wrinkles and pigmentation.
Sebuma production regulation: Zinc can help adjust the production of sebum, sebum, which is produced by sebaceous glands. Excessive production of sebum can lead to blockage of pores and the formation of acne. Zinc can reduce the activity of the sebaceous glands and reduce the production of sebum.
UV protection protection: Zinc is a component of many sunscreens, since it is able to reflect and dissipate ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation can damage the skin and lead to sunburn, premature aging and skin cancer.

B. Zinc for skin diseases

Acne: Zinc is widely used to treat acne, both in the form of oral additives and in the form of local products. It can help reduce inflammation, regulate the production of sebum and suppress the growth of bacteria causing acne.
Eczema: Zinc can help reduce inflammation and itching with eczema. It can also contribute to the healing of the skin and prevent secondary infections.
Psoriasis: Zinc can help reduce inflammation and peeling with psoriasis. It can also contribute to the healing of the skin and improve its appearance.
Rosacea: Zinc can help reduce redness and inflammation with rosacea. It can also help strengthen blood vessels and reduce the risk of developing telangiectasias (vascular stars).
Slow healing of wounds: Zinc is necessary for healing wounds, and its additives can help accelerate this process, especially in people with zinc deficiency.

C. Zinc for Hair and Nail Health

Zinc is also important for the health of hair and nails. It is involved in the synthesis of keratin, protein, which is the main component of hair and nails. Zinc deficiency can lead to hair loss, fragility of nails and other problems.

Hair loss: Zinc can help prevent hair loss, especially in people with zinc deficiency. It can stimulate hair growth and strengthen hair follicles.
Fitty nails: Zinc can help strengthen the nails and prevent their brittleness. It can also improve the appearance of the nails and make them more smooth and shiny.
White spots on the nails (leikonichia): Although often leikonichia is associated with zinc deficiency, this is not always the case. However, with confirmed zinc deficiency, its replenishment can help eliminate white spots.

IV. Zinc sources: diet and additives

Zinc can be obtained from various sources, including food and food supplements.

A. Food sources of zinc

The best food sources of zinc include:

Seafood: Oysters, crabs and lobsters are excellent sources of zinc.
Meat: Beef, pork and lamb contain a significant amount of zinc.
Bird: Chicken and turkey are also good sources of zinc.
Nuts and seeds: Pumpkin seeds, cashews and almonds contain zinc.
Legumes: Beans, lentils and chickpeas are good sources of zinc for vegetarians and vegans.
Whole grain products: Oatmeal, brown rice and whole grain bread contain zinc.
Dairy products: Milk, cheese and yogurt contain zinc.

B. Factors affecting the absorption of zinc from food

The absorption of zinc from food can be difficult for some factors, such as:

Fitat: Fitates contained in cereals, legumes and nuts can be associated with zinc and reduce its absorption. Landing, germination or fermentation of these products can reduce the content of phitates and improve zinc assimilation.
Calcium: High calcium consumption can reduce zinc assimilation.
Iron: High iron consumption can compete with zinc for assimilation.

C. Food additives with zinc

Food supplements with zinc are available in various forms, including:

Zinc Gluconate: Easily absorbed zinc form.
Qing sulfate: A common but less assumed zinc form.
Zinc Citrate: A well -absorbed form of zinc.
Zinc picolinat: A well -absorbed form of zinc.
Zinc acetate: Used in pastilles for the treatment of colds.

When choosing a food supplement with zinc, it is important to consider its shape and dosage. It is recommended to consult a doctor or nutritionist to determine the optimal dose and shape of zinc for your individual needs.

V. Circus deficiency: causes, symptoms and diagnostics

Zinc deficiency can develop for various reasons, and its symptoms can be varied.

A. Causes of zinc deficiency

Insufficient consumption of zinc with food: The most common cause of zinc deficiency.
Violation of zinc assimilation: Some diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease, can violate zinc assimilation.
Increased need for zinc: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, growth period and intensive physical activity can increase the need for zinc.
Reception of some drugs: Some drugs, such as ACE diuretics and inhibitors, can increase zinc elimination from the body.
Chronic diseases: Some chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, can increase the risk of zinc deficiency.
Alcoholism: Chronic alcohol consumption can violate zinc assimilation and increase its excretion.

B. Symptoms of zinc deficiency

Symptoms of zinc deficiency can vary depending on the degree of deficiency and individual characteristics of the body. General symptoms of zinc deficiency include:

Reduced immunity: Increased susceptibility to infections.
Slow healing of wounds: Slow healing of cuts, scratches and other wounds.
Loss of appetite: Reducing interest in food.
Violation of taste and smell: Reducing the ability to feel taste and smell.
Hair loss: Increased hair loss.
Fitty nails: The nails become brittle and easily break.
Skin rashes: Various skin rashes, such as eczema and acne.
Diarrhea: Liquid chair.
Growth delay: Children may observe growth retardation.
Reducing mental activity: Difficulties with concentration of attention and memorization of information.
Visual impairment: Reducing visual acuity.

C. Diagnosis of zinc deficiency

Diagnosis of zinc deficiency can be difficult, since there is no perfect test for assessing zinc level in the body. The most common method is to measure zinc level in blood plasma, but this test can be inaccurate, since the level of zinc in the blood plasma can vary depending on the time of day, meals and other factors.

Other tests that can be used to assess zinc deficiency include:

Measurement of zinc level in the urine: It can help evaluate the elimination of zinc from the body.
Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity: Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that needs zinc for its activity. A decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity may indicate a deficiency of zinc.
Assessment of clinical symptoms: The doctor can evaluate clinical symptoms to determine if you have signs of zinc deficiency.

VI. Explanation of zinc: risks and warnings

Although zinc is necessary for health, its excess may be harmful. Excessive zinc consumption, especially from food additives, can lead to various side effects.

A. Symptoms of zinc overtaking

Symptoms of zinc overturning may include:

Nausea and vomiting: Feeling of nausea and vomiting.
Diarrhea: Liquid chair.
Abdominal pain: Discomfort in the stomach.
Headache: Pain in the head.
Reduced immunity: Paradoxically, an excess of zinc can also weaken the immune system.
Reducing copper levels: Zinc can prevent the assimilation of copper, which can lead to copper deficiency.
Anemia: The shortage of copper can lead to anemia.
Violation of taste: Change in taste sensations.

B. The risks associated with an excess of zinc

An excess of zinc can increase the risk of developing the following problems:

Copper deficiency: Zinc competes with copper for assimilation, and prolonged use of high doses of zinc can lead to copper deficiency.
Neurological problems: The shortage of copper can cause neurological problems, such as numbness and tingling in the arms and legs.
Immunity problems: Although zinc is necessary for immunity, its excess can suppress the function of the immune system.
Cholesterol problems: Some studies have shown that high doses of zinc can increase the level of LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol).

C. Recommendations for a safe use of zinc

To avoid an excess of zinc, it is important to follow the following recommendations:

Do not exceed the recommended daily dose of zinc: For adults, the recommended daily dose of zinc is 11 mg for men and 8 mg for women.
Do not take supplements with zinc unnecessarily: If you get enough zinc from food, you do not need to take additives with zinc.
Consult a doctor or nutritionist before taking additives with zinc: This is especially important if you have any diseases or take any medication.
Take supplements with zinc during meals: This can help improve zinc assimilation and reduce the risk of side effects.
Avoid prolonged use of high zinc doses: If you need to take high doses of zinc for a long time, consult a doctor and regularly check the level of zinc and copper in the blood.

VII. Interaction of zinc with other nutrients and drugs

Zinc can interact with other nutrients and drugs, which can affect their absorption and effectiveness.

A. The interaction of zinc with other nutrients

Copper: Zinc and copper compete for assimilation in the intestines. High gas consumption can reduce copper assimilation, and vice versa. It is recommended to maintain a balance between zinc and copper in the diet.
Iron: High iron consumption can reduce zinc assimilation. If you take additives with iron, take them separately from the additives with zinc.
Calcium: High calcium consumption can reduce zinc assimilation.
Fitat: Fitates contained in cereals, legumes and nuts can be associated with zinc and reduce its absorption.

B. The interaction of zinc with drugs

Antibiotics: Some antibiotics, such as tetracyclines and chinolons, can contact zinc and reduce their effectiveness. Take antibiotics separately from the additives with zinc.
Diuretics: Some diuretics can increase zinc elimination from the body.
ACE inhibitors: Some ACE inhibitors can increase zinc elimination from the body.
Penicillamin: Penicilllammin, used to treat the disease of Wilson and rheumatoid arthritis, can be associated with zinc and reduce his absorption.
Helating agents: Helating agents used to remove heavy metals from the body can also bind zinc and eliminating it from the body.

VIII. Zinc in special population groups

The need for zinc can be higher in certain groups of the population, such as:

A. Pregnant and lactating women

Pregnant and lactating women need more zinc to maintain the growth and development of the fetus and baby. The recommended daily dose of zinc for pregnant women is 11 mg, and for nursing women – 12 mg.

B. Children and adolescents

Children and adolescents need zinc for normal growth and development. The recommended daily dose of zinc for children and adolescents varies depending on age and gender.

C. Older people

Elderly people can be more susceptible to zinc deficiency due to a decrease in appetite, impaired assimilation and administration of drugs that can affect the level of zinc.

D. Vegetarians and Vegans

Vegetarians and vegans can be at risk of developing zinc deficiency, since plant sources of zinc contain phitat that can reduce zinc assimilation. They should use a variety of foods rich in zinc, and use methods that reduce the content of phitat, such as soaking, germination and fermentation.

E. People with gastrointestinal diseases

People with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease, can be at risk of developing zinc deficiency due to impaired assimilation.

IX. Conclusion (omitted in accordance with the requirements of the problem)

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X. List of literature (omitted to save space and focus on the main text)

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