B vitamins for children: role and sources

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B vitamins for children: role and sources

I. Introduction to B vitamins

B vitamins are a complex of water -soluble vitamins that play a key role in numerous metabolic processes occurring in the human body. For children under active growth and development, sufficient consumption of group B vitamins is of paramount importance for maintaining health, the normal functioning of the nervous system, energy metabolism and other vital functions.

Unlike fat -soluble vitamins, group B vitamins do not accumulate in the body in significant quantities, so their regular intake with food or additives is necessary to maintain the optimal level. The deficiency of even one of the vitamins of group B can lead to various health disorders, especially in children whose body is more sensitive to a lack of nutrients.

The complex of B vitamins includes eight main vitamins, each of which performs its own specific functions:

  • Vitamin B1 (TIAMIN): It is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, energy production and normal operation of the nervous system.
  • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Participates in energy metabolism, cell growth and maintaining the health of the skin and vision.
  • Vitamin B3 (Niacin): It is important for the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, as well as for the health of the skin and nervous system.
  • Vitamin B5 (pantotenic acid): Participates in the production of energy, hormones and cholesterol.
  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): It is necessary for the metabolism of amino acids, the formation of neurotransmitters and maintaining the immune system.
  • Vitamin B7 (Biotin): It is important for the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, as well as for the health of the skin, hair and nails.
  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid): It is necessary for the growth and development of cells, the formation of DNA and RNA, as well as for the prevention of congenital defects.
  • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): Participates in the formation of red blood cells, maintaining the health of the nervous system and folic acid metabolism.

II. The role of B vitamins in the development of the child

B vitamins play a key role in maintaining health and normal development of children, participating in many vital processes:

  • Energy exchange: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 and B7 are necessary for converting carbohydrates, fats and proteins into energy, which is necessary for the growth, activity and normal functioning of all organs and systems. The deficiency of these vitamins can lead to fatigue, weakness and developmental delay.

  • The development of the nervous system: Vitamins B1, B6, B9 and B12 play an important role in the development and functioning of the nervous system. They participate in the formation of neurotransmitters, which transmit signals between nerve cells, as well as in maintaining the myelin shell that protects the nerve fibers. The deficiency of these vitamins can lead to disorders in the development of the nervous system, problems with concentration, memory and training, as well as neurological disorders.

  • The formation of red blood cells: Vitamins B9 and B12 are necessary for the formation of red blood cells that transfer oxygen throughout the body. The deficiency of these vitamins can lead to anemia, which is characterized by fatigue, weakness, pallor of the skin and shortness of breath.

  • Cell growth and development: Vitamins B9 and B12 are involved in the process of dividing and cell growth, which is especially important for children in active growth. The deficiency of these vitamins can lead to a slowdown in growth and development.

  • Maintaining the immune system: Vitamins B6, B9 and B12 play an important role in maintaining the immune system, helping the body fight infections. The deficiency of these vitamins can weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to diseases.

  • Health of the skin, hair and nails: Vitamins B2, B3, B5, B7 and B12 are necessary to maintain healthy skin, hair and nails. The deficiency of these vitamins can lead to skin rashes, dry skin, hair loss and fragility of nails.

  • Amino acid metabolism: Vitamin B6 plays a key role in the metabolism of amino acids, which are building proteins. It is involved in the splitting, assimilation and use of amino acids necessary for the growth and restoration of tissues.

III. Recommended daily consumption standards for B vitamins for children

Recommended daily consumption standards for B vitamins for children depend on age, gender and individual needs. Below are general recommendations based on data from National Institutes of Health:

Vitamin Age 1-3 years Age 4-8 years Age 9-13 years Age 14-18 years (boys) Age 14-18 years (girls)
Vitamin B1 (Tiamin) 0.5 mg 0.6 mg 0.9 mg 1.2 mg 1.0 mg
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 0.5 mg 0.6 mg 0.9 mg 1.3 mg 1.0 mg
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 6 mg ne 8 mg ne 12 mg ne 16 mg ne 14 mg ne
Vitamin B5 (pantotenic acid) 2 mg 3 mg 4 mg 5 mg 5 mg
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxin) 0.5 mg 0.6 mg 1.0 mg 1.3 mg 1.2 mg
Vitamin B7 (Biotin) 8 μg 12 mcg 20 μg 25 μg 25 μg
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) 150 Mkg DFE 200 Mkg DFE 300 Mkg DFE 400 Mkg DFE 400 Mkg DFE
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) 0.9 mcg 1.2 μg 1.8 μg 2.4 μg 2.4 μg

*Ne (niacin equivalents) – Niacin’s equivalent.

*DFE (Dietary Flate Equivalents) – dietary equivalent of the folate.

It is important to note that these norms are general recommendations, and individual needs can vary depending on the state of health, level of activity and other factors. In some cases, for example, with certain diseases or medication, it may require increased consumption of group B vitamins. Before taking vitamin additives, it is recommended to consult a doctor or nutritionist.

IV. Sources of group B vitamins in nutrition

B vitamins are contained in a variety of food products, both animal and plant origin. A balanced diet that includes a wide range of products, as a rule, provides sufficient intake of group B vitamins for children.

  • Vitamin B1 (TIAMIN):

    • Whole grain products (brown rice, oatmeal, whole grain bread)
    • Legumes (beans, peas, lentils)
    • Nuts and seeds (sunflower seeds, peanuts)
    • Pork
    • Enriched products (bread, flakes for breakfast)

  • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin):

    • Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese)
    • Eggs
    • Meat (beef, poultry)
    • Green sheet vegetables (spinach, broccoli)
    • Enriched products (bread, flakes for breakfast)

  • Vitamin B3 (Niacin):

    • Meat (beef, poultry, fish)
    • Nuts (peanuts, almonds)
    • Whole grain products
    • Enriched products (bread, flakes for breakfast)
    • Mushrooms

  • Vitamin B5 (pantotenic acid):

    • Widely distributed in food, so the deficiency is rare.
    • Meat (beef, poultry)
    • Eggs
    • Dairy products
    • Vegetables (broccoli, avocado)
    • Whole grain products
    • Mushrooms

  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin):

    • Meat (poultry, fish)
    • Banans
    • Potato
    • Enriched cereals
    • Nuts and seeds
    • Legumes

  • Vitamin B7 (Biotin):

    • Eggs (especially yolk)
    • Nuts (peanuts, almonds, walnuts)
    • Seeds
    • Liver
    • Avocado
    • Sweet potato

  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid):

    • Green leaf vegetables (spinach, Romen salad, asparagus)
    • Legumes (beans, lentils, peas)
    • Citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits)
    • Avocado
    • Broccoli
    • Enriched products (bread, flakes for breakfast)

  • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin):

    • Basically contained in animal products.
    • Meat (beef, pork, poultry)
    • Fish (salmon, tuna, trout)
    • Eggs
    • Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt)
    • Enriched products (vegetable milk, breakfast flakes)

For children who adhere to a vegetarian or vegan diet, it is especially important to include enriched products in the diet or take vitamin B12 additives, since it is practically absent in plant foods.

V. Signs of deficiency of group B vitamins in children

The deficiency of group B vitamins in children can be manifested by various symptoms, depending on what kind of vitamin is not enough. It is important to note that some symptoms can be nonspecific and indicate other health problems. Therefore, in case of suspicion of deficiency of vitamins, you must consult a doctor to diagnose and prescribe treatment.

General signs of deficiency of group B vitamins in children:

  • Fatigue and weakness: The lack of B vitamins can lead to a decrease in the energy level and a sense of constant fatigue.
  • Irritability and mood swings: B vitamins play an important role in the work of the nervous system, and their deficiency can cause irritability, anxiety and mood swings.
  • Problems with concentration and memory: The lack of B vitamins can negatively affect cognitive functions, such as concentration and memory.
  • Skin rashes and dermatitis: The deficiency of vitamins B2, B3 and B7 can appear in the form of skin rashes, itching and dermatitis.
  • Inflammation of the tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth: The deficiency of vitamins B2, B3 and B12 can cause inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) and the mucous membrane of the mouth (stomatitis).
  • Anemia: The deficiency of vitamins B9 and B12 can lead to anemia, which is characterized by fatigue, weakness, pallor of the skin and shortness of breath.
  • Delay of growth and development: In severe cases, a deficiency of B vitamins can lead to a slowdown in growth and development.
  • Digestive problems: B vitamins deficiency can disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive system, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.
  • Numbness and tingling in the limbs: The deficiency of vitamins B1, B6 and B12 can cause numbness and tingling in the arms and legs (peripheral neuropathy).
  • Hair loss: Vitamin B7 deficiency (biotin) can lead to hair loss.

Specific signs of deficiency of individual vitamins of group B:

  • Vitamin B1 (Tiamina) deficit: Beri-Bari (a rare disease characterized by damage to the nervous system and cardiovascular system).
  • Vitamin B2 deficiency (riboflavin): Heilosis (cracks in the corners of the mouth), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), dermatitis.
  • Vitamin B3 deficiency (niacina): Pellagra (a rare disease characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia).
  • Vitamin B6 deficiency (Pyridoxin): Convulsions, anemia, dermatitis.
  • Vitamin B9 deficiency (folic acid): Anemia, congenital defects (defects of the nervous tube).
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency (cobalamine): Anemia, neurological disorders (numbness, tingling, problems with coordination).

VI. Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of group B vitamins in children

Some children are at risk of deficiency of B vitamins B:

  • Breastfeeding children, whose mothers have a deficiency of B vitamins: Breast milk is the main source of nutrients for babies, and if the mother has a deficiency of B vitamins, the baby can also lack these vitamins.
  • Children under artificial feeding, receiving insufficiently enriched mixtures: It is important to choose mixtures enriched with vitamins of group B, especially vitamin B12.
  • Children adhering to a strict vegetarian or vegan diet: Vitamin B12 is mainly contained in animal products, so vegetarians and vegans need to take vitamin B12 additives or use enriched products.
  • Children with diseases that violate the absorption of nutrients: Some diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease and cystic fibrosis, may disrupt the absorption of group B vitamins in the intestines.
  • Children taking certain drugs: Some drugs, such as antibiotics and anticonvulsants, can affect the assimilation of B vitamins B.
  • Children with a limited diet: Children who eat few fruits, vegetables and whole grains can experience a deficiency of B vitamins B.
  • Children with alcohol dependence (in adolescents): Alcohol may prevent the assimilation and use of B vitamins.

VII. Diagnosis of deficiency of B vitamins

Diagnosis of B vitamins deficiency usually includes the following stages:

  • Anamnesis collection and physics examination: The doctor asks about the symptoms, diet and medical history of the child, and also conducts a physical examination to identify signs of vitamins deficiency.
  • Blood test: A blood test can show the level of group B vitamins in the body. However, it is important to note that normal values ​​can vary depending on the laboratory, and the results of the analysis must be interpreted in the context of the clinical picture.
  • Other research: In some cases, additional studies may be required to identify the causes of vitamin deficiency, for example, a fecal analysis for parasites or tests to evaluate the intestinal function.

VIII. Treatment of deficiency of group B vitamins in children

Treatment of deficiency of group B vitamins in children usually includes the following measures:

  • Diet change: It is important to include in the diet foods rich in vitamins of group B.
  • Reception of vitamin additives: The doctor may prescribe vitamin additives containing the necessary vitamins of group B. The dosage and duration of the reception depend on the degree of deficiency and individual needs of the child.
  • Treatment of the underlying disease: If the deficiency of vitamins is caused by any disease, it is necessary to treat this disease.
  • Vitamin B12 injections: In cases of severe vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin B12 injections can be prescribed.

It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations for the treatment of deficiency of group B vitamins and regularly monitor the level of vitamins in the blood.

IX. Prevention of deficiency of group B vitamins in children

Prevention of deficiency of group B vitamins in children includes the following measures:

  • Balanced diet: It is important to provide the child with a balanced diet, which includes a variety of products rich in group B.
  • Breast-feeding: Breast milk is the best source of nutrients for infants, and it is important to provide sufficient nutrition of the mother during breastfeeding.
  • Enriched products: Choose enriched products, such as bread, breakfast flakes and vegetable milk.
  • Vitamin additives: In some cases, taking vitamin additives can be recommended, especially for children adhere to a vegetarian or vegan diet.
  • Consultations with a doctor: Consult a doctor on the child’s nutrition and health.

X. B vitamins and cognitive functions in children

Studies show that group B vitamins play an important role in cognitive functions in children, including memory, attention and training. The deficiency of vitamins B1, B6, B9 and B12 can negatively affect cognitive abilities.

  • Vitamin B1 (TIAMIN): It is necessary for glucose metabolism, the main source of energy for the brain. Tiamine deficiency can lead to a decrease in energy level in the brain and a deterioration in cognitive functions.

  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): Participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminomatic acid (GABA), which play an important role in the regulation of mood, attention and sleep.

  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid): It is necessary for the development of the nervous system and the formation of DNA and RNA. Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can lead to congenital defects in the nervous tube and cognitive development disorders.

  • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): Participates in the formation of Myelin, the protective membrane of the nerve fibers. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to damage to myelin and disorders of the nervous system, including cognitive disorders.

Studies have shown that taking vitamin additives containing group B vitamins can improve cognitive functions in children with a deficiency of these vitamins. However, it is important to note that taking vitamin additives does not always lead to an improvement in cognitive functions in children with a normal level of vitamins of group B.

XI. B vitamins and behavior in children

Some studies show that group B vitamins can affect the behavior of children. The deficiency of vitamins B1, B6 and B12 can be associated with irritability, mood swings, anxiety and other behavioral problems.

  • Vitamin B1 (TIAMIN): It is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. Tiamine deficiency can lead to irritability, anxiety and depression.

  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): Participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA, which play an important role in the regulation of mood and behavior. Pyridoxine deficiency can lead to irritability, anxiety, depression and hyperactivity.

  • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): It is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. Cobalamine deficiency can lead to irritability, depression, psychosis and other mental disorders.

Studies have shown that taking vitamin additives containing group B vitamins can improve behavior in children with a deficiency of these vitamins. However, it is important to note that taking vitamin additives does not always lead to an improvement in behavior in children with a normal level of vitamins of group B.

XII. B vitamins B and autism in children

Some studies studied the relationship between group B vitamins and autism in children. Some studies have shown that children with autism may have a deficiency of vitamins B6 and B12.

  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): Participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters who play an important role in the development of the brain and behavior. Some studies have shown that taking vitamin B6 in combination with magnesium can improve behavior in children with autism.

  • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): It is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. Some studies have shown that vitamin B12 deficiency may be associated with autism.

However, the results of studies on this topic are contradictory, and additional studies are needed to confirm the connection between group B vitamins and autism. Currently, there is no sufficient evidence for the recommendation of routine intake of vitamin additives containing group B vitamins for the treatment of autism.

XIII. B vitamins B and ADHD in children

Some studies studied the relationship between group B vitamins and attention deficiency and hyperactivity (ADHD) in children. Some studies have shown that children with ADHD may have a deficiency of vitamins B6 and B9.

  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): Participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters who play an important role in the regulation of attention and behavior. Some studies have shown that taking vitamin B6 can improve SDVG symptoms in children.

  • Vitamin B9 (folic acid): It is necessary for the development of the nervous system. Some studies have shown that folic acid deficiency may be associated with ADHD.

However, the results of studies on this topic are contradictory, and additional studies are needed to confirm the connection between the vitamins of group B and ADHD. Currently, there is no sufficient evidence for the recommendation of routine intake of vitamin additives containing group B vitamins for the treatment of ADHD.

XIV. Overdose of group B vitamins

Since group B vitamins are water -soluble, they usually do not accumulate in the body in significant quantities, and the risk of an overdose relatively low. However, taking very high doses of some vitamins of group B can lead to side effects.

  • Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Reception of high doses of niacin can cause redness of the skin, itching, nausea, vomiting and damage to the liver.
  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin): Taking very high doses of pyridoxine can cause peripheral neuropathy (nerves damage).

It is important to observe the recommended dosages of vitamin additives and consult a doctor before taking high doses of vitamins of group B.

XV. B vitamins interaction with drugs

B vitamins can interact with some drugs, affecting their effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects.

  • Metotrexat: Metotrexate is a medicine used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases and psoriasis. Folic acid can reduce the effectiveness of methotrexate.
  • Phenytoin: Fenitoin is an anticonvulsant drug. Vitamin B6 can reduce the level of phenytein in the blood.
  • Levodopa: Levodopa is a medicine used to treat Parkinson’s disease. Vitamin B6 can reduce the effectiveness of levodopa.
  • Antibiotics: Some antibiotics can reduce the absorption of vitamin B12.

It is important to inform the doctor about all drugs and additives that the child takes to avoid unwanted interactions.

XVI. Councils to ensure sufficient consumption of group B vitamins in children

  • Offer the child a diverse and balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, legumes, meat, poultry and fish.
  • Choose enriched products, such as bread, breakfast flakes and vegetable milk.
  • Limit the consumption of processed foods containing few nutrients.
  • Encourage the child to regular physical activity to improve the absorption of nutrients.
  • If necessary, consult a doctor or nutritionist about taking vitamin additives.
  • Consult a doctor if the child has signs of deficiency of B vitamins.
  • Check the presence of group B vitamins in children’s vitamin complexes and follow the dosage.
  • Accustom children to healthy diet from an early age.
  • Especially carefully monitor the consumption of group B vitamins in children with chronic diseases or nutritional characteristics.
  • Discuss with the pediatrician the need for additional intake of vitamins B in the winter, when access to fresh fruits and vegetables is limited.
  • When cooking, try to keep the B vitamins as much as possible. For example, steam steam or bake instead of frying.
  • Do not give children vitamin supplements intended for adults.
  • Keep vitamin additives in an inaccessible place for children.
  • Pay attention to the composition of multivitamins: it is important that all B vitamins are presented in an adequate dosage.
  • Do not exceed the recommended dosage of vitamin additives.
  • Consult a doctor before taking any new additives.
  • Remember that the best way to get B vitamins B is a balanced and diverse diet.
  • Be informed about the content of group B vitamins in various foods.
  • Plan the child’s menu, taking into account the needs of group B.
  • Make sure that the child receives a sufficient amount of sleep, since the dream is important for the absorption of nutrients.
  • Avoid stressful situations, as stress can affect the absorption of vitamins.
  • Remember that each child is individual, and the needs for vitamins of group B can vary.

In conclusion, B vitamins play a vital role in the development and health of children. Providing sufficient consumption of group B vitamins through a balanced diet and, if necessary, taking vitamin additives, is an important factor for maintaining health, normal functioning of the nervous system, energy metabolism and other vital functions. Regular consultations with a doctor or nutritionist will help to ensure the optimal consumption of group B vitamins for each child.

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